The majority of them are of the opinion that it is not an obligation to perform ablution if one slept sitting or standing, unless one has slept while lying down. And Allaah knows best. What is meant by once in all the above is that the entire part of the body mentioned must be washed thoroughly. And Allah knows best. The first is: There may be a time when it stops, such as if you pass wind , then it stops for a while, during which time you can do wudu and pray, then it starts again. Defecation or urination. ) 6. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Passing urine, feces or gas. Ibn al-Mundhir said: The scholars are unanimously agreed that laughing outside of prayer does not invalidate. In the Hanbali school, the following eight things are considered to invalidate one’s wudu: Anything that comes out of the two private parts. This specifically refers to those. S. In the aforementioned scenario when the spot burst without you causing it then the wudhu will not break. (Al-Maidah: 6). The mouth is naturally wet. . Additionally, being intoxicated is a common human activity that results in loss of consciousness and control. Therefore, there is no need to remove such skin oil and cream. It's air + carbon dioxide + hydrogen + methane + nitrogen + hydrogen sulfide. Even if the air comes out from the. October 24, 2022 Joan. Allah Taala will decline the prayers of Muslims who have actually minor hadas. If you are following the Hadiths or Schools then yes. However, if the problem if chronic, such that at no time can you quickly perform the. The detailed implying of wudu is utilizing water in a certain way as well as a particular Niyyah as prayer to Allah. muslim_and_quran_pro • 5 mo. Does passing wind through the front privates of a female invalidate her wudu according to the Shafi’i school? Answer:Wa alaykum al-Salam. What to Do If Your Wudu Keeps Breaking. Some scholars explain it to be akin to the sweating of the vaginal walls. This usually happens when someone goes to the toilet. This also involves sleeping, fainting (losing consciousness), and intoxication. Smudging of the moisture remaining on the surface of the affected area does not break wudu nor is it impure. should be buried or burned? Q3. Some scholars explain it to be akin to the ‘sweating of the vaginal walls. Im a male 15 years old. The Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace) said, ‘When one of you touches his private parts with his hand when there is no barrier between the two, let him make wudu. Allah knows Best!1 Answer. (Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband v. And even for that case it does not mean that the salah is invalid. In the previous few paragraphs, I have explained that yawning is something that is permissible in Islam. Is there anything specific to be done with aqeeqah hair? i. Wudu is broken by the following: Anything coming out of the front or back private parts: normally such as urine, feces, flatus, ejaculate, pre-ejaculate. However, and whenever reasonably possible, you should strive to renew your ablution to avoid the difference of opinion on the matter. Feeling bubbles of air does not break wudu. They are called Nawaaqidh-e-Wudhu (breakers of Wudhu). Vomit. Laughter in salat breaks wudu'. There is an agreement among Muslim scholars that bleeding from the two natural orifices breaks wudu’. Firstly: There is no difference of opinion among the scholars that laughing outside of prayer – even when one is getting ready for prayer – does not invalidate wudoo’. Five: touching unclean objects, such as urine, feces, and so on. Answer. (If one sleeps by leaning on something, one's wudu is nullified if one feels as if falling when the thing on which one leans on is taken away. Touching things are impure does not break wudu. The Maliki say that, 'touching the woman nullifying Wudu provided there are three conditions: First, the touching person should be mature (reached age of puberty). (1) If a dog’s saliva touches one’s skin, the soiled area should be washed thoroughly. Washing the face completely once, which includes rinsing the mouth and nose. This is also pure and does NOT invalidate wudhu. (SWT), which is your body, and that doing something haraam does break your wudu. Or you touch a girl. com💠 💲100 USD/Half Hour 💲Pa. According to scholarly opinions, only the passing of wind from the anus, whether it is audible or not, intentional or unintentional, invalidates Wudu. and Allah Ta’ala Knows. Short Answer. Eating Camel Meat. ” (Al-Maidah: 6). Two: loss of mind due to sleep, madness, and so on. Yes, one may lie down in the state of wuḍū’ and this does not break their wuḍū’ unless one falls asleep while lying down in a way that they cannot understand most of the speech around them (Marāqī al-Falāḥ, 39 and Jāmiʻ al-Tirmidhī, ḥadīth 77). This person will be required to perform wazu once for every time of salaah, and with this wazu, he will perform the. This hadith was narrated by al-Bukhari and Muslim. If a dog licks you, then you are still in the state of wudu all you need to do is wash the area the dog licked you 7 times and one of these times being with soil or soap as the Prophet (saw) said that if a dog licks the utensil of any of you then discard what is in it. The acts that invalidate ‘wudu’ or ablution are: Any release whatsoever from one’s private parts (wind, urine, stool, ejaculation, etc. ’. If a person breaks his wudu during the prayer, whether praying alone or in congregation, he should immediately leave the prayer, go to renew the wudu, and then he can resume his prayer from where. Touching the fur of the dog will not break your wudu, if however the salvia of the dog touches your hand or clothing in this case you would have an impurity and it should be washed before salat. No, Changing the clothes with or without towel does not break the wudu. Favorite Subjects: Electronics & AI & & Mechatronics engineering & video Games. The use of e-cigarette devices containing Nicotine is considered Haram and therefore prohibited in Islam. If the blood that comes out of the body does not flow or does not spread, it does not invalidate wudu. Yawning is not one of the things that break wudu. The following is as per Ja`fari fiqh. They are of the opinion that if one touches women with lust it breaks wudu’, but if it is not a lustful touch, wudu’ would not be broken. Wudu is a ritual cleansing performed before acts of worship, such as offering prayers or. But it does not break wudu' if it does not come out after insertion. No, sleeping alone does not break wudu (ablution) in Islam. The Prophet said, “He should not. ”. and Allah Ta'ala Knows Best Ml. Answered by: Mufti Zakaria Makada. The reason being that, the washing of the inside of one’s nose is obligatory during an obligatory bath (ghusl), thus if blood flowed to a place that is required to be washed (whether in Wudu or Ghusl), then Wudu will be nullified. 1. If I am not sure weather I farted or not can I say my prayer? If I see any video of naked people on whatapp (so many people send picture / videos), would my wudhu break? If I talk abusive language, would my wudhu break? A: Yes. This thread is archived. [Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar]Any liquid that flows from infected eyes invalidates wudu even if it is merely teardrops. 6 – Does Vaping Break Wudu? According to Egypt’s Dar El Ifta, Vaping/Smoking doesn’t break Wudu . Only Allah Knows Best. Answer: In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. It is therefore not easy to tell whether blood actually flowed out from the gums or was. We can find this explanation in the following Quranic verse: Or you touch a girl. ” (Fatawa Al-Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymin, 13, question, 589) For more details, please see the following answers: 11591 , 174361. Two: loss of mind due to sleep, madness, and so on. However, this is a matter of difference of opinion and so one should be aware and respectful of such valid differences. If sleep did invalidate wudu then a little or a lot of it would do so, just as a little or a lot of urine invalidates wudu. Then you move on to washing the parts of your body, beginning from your hands. And Allah Ta’ala (الله تعالى) knows best. Being intoxicated when using alcohol violates Islamic law and renders your Wudu largely invalid. Access course materials, Test your knowledge & Get certified for FREE at The things that invalidate wudu’ include: Any discharge from the front or back passage (urine, stools, wind, etc. If one sleep sitting on the ground, or on a chair with one’s rear firmly seated, one’s wudu would remain valid. Short Answer. Similarly, if an individual belches saliva or other substances along with the air, their wudu will break. It indicates that it is mustahabb to do Wudu after vomiting, not that it is obligatory. It does not invalidate wudu. ”. 3. However, this is a matter of difference of opinion and so one should be aware and respectful of such valid differences. Dive into this informative guide. However if blood continued coming out and one continued to dab it and one feels that if one had not dabbed the wound the blood or pus would have surpassed the area of the wound, then in. They interpret the word “wudu” into its linguistic meaning; gargle. 3. If one "breaks wudu" then the ablutions need to be repeated before subsequent prayer. There is no hadith that specifically mentions that normal discharge breaks wudu. The pus and yellow liquid coming out of a wound is regarded the same. e its wound) 3: Vomit when it fills the mouth. ”. ”. However, according to Imam Shafi (RA) & Imam Malik (RA) the W wudhu will remain intact. Sleeping with the help of support - sleeping while standing or sitting without taking any kind of support does not break wudu. Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The regular, well-known substance of madhiy is a matter concerning which there is consensus and no difference of opinion among the Muslims that it is obligatory to do wudu because. In this case you have to do wudu and pray during the time when it stops. So if wudu breaks during tawaf, you do not have to go out to do wudu. Does erection break wudu? 2. Answer. Similarly in. 1: Anything that exits from the front and back passage. Only Allah knows best. Fainting breaks wudu'. e. You are not allowed to perform acts of worship in Islam that require you to have wudu. Touching something will not break one's wudhu`, unless it is the touching of a dead human body after it gets cold, and before it is washed. The goal is for you to understand the main discussion in this article. The steps are as follows: Intention (niyyah): The person intends to perform wudu for the sake of Allah. The most correct view is that if touching the husband’s penis is done with desire, it invalidates wudu. This is because there is a clear list of nullifiers of Wudu and none of these occur through the action of smoking or vaping. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Wa Alaykum as Salam wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuh. One: if something comes out of two holes: the front hole (penis and vagina) and the back hole (anus). abnormally such as an insect, hair, stone, blood, flesh. This opinion is the opinion of Abu Hanifa. I spend ages in the ablution room repeating my wudhu and prayer for every time I seem to break my wudhu. Quote. The Holy Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) said. The Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace) said, ‘When one of you touches his private parts with his hand when there is no barrier between the two, let him make wudu. The 4 Fardh (Mandatory) acts of Wudu are: washing the face, then the arms, then wiping the head, then washing or wiping the feet, and doing these in order, without any big breaks between them. Answer: Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah, No, chronic vaginal discharge [which is clear or white] does not invalidate your ritual ablution (wudu) because it is legally akin to a form of sweating of the vagina walls. One who is sure that he is with Wudu and has doubts about Hadath (breaking wind, passing urine or answering the call of nature), has to take certainty into account, since he is originally. Answer. Short Answer. Although there are. Does Smoking break the wudhu?some Arab brothers here say it breaks the Wudhu. The first is: There may be a time when it stops, such as if you pass wind , then it stops for a while, during which time you can do wudu and pray, then it starts again. Answered by Ustadh Tabraze Azam Question: Does throwing up during prayer break one’s wudu? Answer: Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh, I pray that you are well, insha’Allah. The final position is the one that I follow. Another way is tayammum. After we observe the brief explanation above, we can conclude, that the sleeping position. Hazrat Ali reported that “The Prophet (ﷺ) performed wudu three times (for each limb). Touching urine or any kind of Najas doesn't invalidate wudu. Vaping does not invalidate salah. The use of e-cigarette devices containing Nicotine is considered Haram and therefore prohibited in Islam. I would suggest you also rinse the affected area with water after you urinate. According to the Hanafi Madhab Wudu invalidiates only in these cases: (1) Discharging urine or stool (2) Discharge of gases; (3) Flowing of blood or pus out of anything part of the body; (4) Vomiting in mouthful; (5) To sleep lying down or by resting the body against something; (6) To faint. It depends. Similarly, whilst holding if you hear a sound coming from the belly that will also will not break your wudhu. Wiping the entire head , including the ears. Reply PollutionTricky4100. 3. Second, the touched person should be from those normally desired. Sleeping without losing conscious or without leaning against something else if it’s very light and not deep. Whoever holds his penis, let him. Sheikh `Atiyyah Saqr, the late head of Al-Azhar Fatwa Committee, states: In principle, talking during wudu doesn’t nullify it, but it is undesirable. Wudu is only broken if the impurity has flown beyond the point of exit, which in your case is the entire area affected. ”. 2. Things that break wudu are an essential subject of conversation in Islamic lawful literacy. But if we follow the Shafi’i school or the Hanbali school, then petting a dog break wudu. The standard of farting that breaks wudu or ablution in Islam is if we hear a fart sound or smell a fart. Emission of urine or stools from anywhere other than the urethra or anus. The Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace) said, ‘When one of you touches his private parts with his hand when there is no barrier between the two, let him make wudu’ (Ibn Hibban). The ruling for the pill put by means of a stick is different because when the stick is inserted into the vagina it is smeared with the wetness inside, even if it is a little. Burping is a natural bodily function that releases gas from the stomach through the mouth. If it is thick, that does not break wudu' in one position, If it is light, then the most accepted position is that it does break it. Only a few actions cause the breaking of a wudu, mentioned in the link. It is safe if it goes to your stomach. 8 – To cry does not invalidate wudu. Q & A on what breaks the wudu (hanafi Fiqh)? Touching a dog in wudu. ) Sexual intercourse. So, if you ask me, “does yawning. Laughing out loud invalidates the prayer and the ablution (wudu). Four: touching the human penis, vagina, or anus using the palms of the hands or the inside of the fingers. It does not. the short answer is, No, eating cooked-up food will not break/invalidates your wudu, although there are some scholars who take the literal meaning of this and have this opinion that if you eat something that is cooked up will nullify your wudu. The correct opinion which has been adopted by the majority of the scholars is that if a person is praying and he laughs out loud then his Wuduu is not broken because their is no. Sleep in itself does not invalidate ablution. See: al-Majmoo’ 2/63-65; al-Mughni, 1/233, 234. However, smoking or vaping will not break the Wudu (ablution). 14321, the things that invalidate wudoo’. “Water or ear drops entering the ears are most likely to break the fast because they are open ports that can reach the abdomen. The majority of the As-hab maintained this view, from amongst them are Sh. Five: touching unclean objects, such as urine, feces, and so on. Nullifiers of Wudhu. Based on this, if a person is pricked by a pin and blood comes out, but does not flow, then wudu will not break. It's all based on our pious scholars' research, and of course. But the question is, “Do silent farts break wudu?”. This is normally experienced during a woman’s pure period. Q Dear scholars, As-Salaam `Alaykum. Q1. 2o. If the worshipper hears a sound inside his stomach but nothing comes out of him that would break his wudoo’, and he does not note anything that would indicate that, such as hearing a. What breaks wudu in Islam? It is typically performed during prayers (salah or salat), particularly before handling and reading the Quran. However, smoking or vaping will not break the Wudu (ablution). 2. Only the exiting of air would. Whoever holds his penis, let him perform wudu. It is not desirable except for making dhikr or when needed such as responding to salam greetings, etc. ” (Ishaq ibn Rahawaih and Al-Bazzar with a good chain of transmission. Wassalam. Answer: The use of hand sanitiser shall not nullify the ablution i. There is no harm in doing this if sticking to the. g. It is not befitting the truthful that they curse others. 1) The Hanafi. As salamualaikum. However, since the smell produced by the smoking irritates people and it also deeply hurts the angles who are with us, therefore when coming for salah one should make wudhu from home and should not smoke on the way,. That kind of liquid that does not spread around by itself will not invalidate wudu even if it is wiped. ” (Al-Ma’idah/The Feast 5:6) In the verse, what breaks ablution seems to be “coming from the toilet”. If he has a small hadas, he is not allowed to perform worship that requires him to be in a holy condition (having wudu). 1 Answer. I n response to your question, Sheikh Ahmad Kutty, a senior lecturer and an Islamic scholar at the Islamic Institute of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, states:. Fainting. Does shaving break wudu. We can find this explanation in the hadith below: مَنْ مَسَّ ذَكَرَهُ فَلْيَتَوَضَّأْ. for a sajdah and tashahhud that have been forgotten if between them and the prayer one has done something that invalidates wuḍūʾ; for example, he has urinated. Hazrat Ali reported that “The Prophet (ﷺ) performed wudu three times (for each limb). The scholars, the fuqaha, differ on some of the things. Kissing or hugging your wife or husband does not invalidate wadu unless you do so with desire and there is a discharge as a result. 1. Worship Comments. In response to your concern, note that the wudhū (ablution) will not break due to smoking. Ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) say. It's important to note that the use of toothpaste or mouthwash that contains alcohol or other intoxicating substances is. No, sleeping alone does not break wudu (ablution) in Islam. In doing so, if there is a flow of blood, then only will ones Wudhu break. And Only Allah Ta’ala Knows Best. They also agree that laughing while in prayer, invalidates the prayer. As Muslims, we must understand that. The hadith about prayer not being accpted for forty days is regarding wine. A. However, the fuqaha mention that it is. Certainty Is not Removed by Doubts. Dear Brother / Sister, Though it is makrooh (abominable) to cry silently in the prayer (salah) for a worldly matter, it does not invalidate the prayer. 18. It is recommended, whenever reasonably possible to remove such an amount before one prays, but if one does not remove it the prayer is still valid. or one of you comes from relieving himself," thus proving that such an act obligates a new purification), and releasing gas from the anus. Eating camel’s meat. Sorted by: 4. No, neither looking at one’s nakedness (awra)—such as one’s private parts—nor looking at its reflection break wudu. Invoking a curse or swearing does not break ones ablution as there is no evidence. If the blood has spread to more than the circumference of the inner of the palm then you cannot perform salaah with such clothing. Being intoxicated when using alcohol violates Islamic law and renders your Wudu largely invalid. Activities that break wudu include using the toilet, passing gas, sleeping, and losing consciousness. Alhusayen agrees that washing as frequently as required with wudu can be harmful — for some more than others. The basis is that you have wudu, and certainty is not lifted by subsequent doubts. This is mentioned in all the primary texts of the school. Listening to the music will not invalidate the wudhu/ablution. In simple terms, I want to say that there are six things. It depends. The flowing of any ritually impure substance (f: such as blood or pus) from a wound (f: or other opening) to any place that requires cleaning (f: i. This breaking of wudu happens despite the exiting of filth from the. Answer: No, smoking does not break the wudhu. We can find this explanation in the following Quranic verse: “Or one of you has come from the bathroom. I thought my wudu/ghusl was broken, so I went back into the shower and repeated my ghusl. Skin-to-skin contact with one’s genitals, without any barrier, is a widely acknowledged event that breaks wudu. If someone becomes unconscious. Summary of answer. However, and whenever reasonably possible, you should strive to renew your ablution to avoid the difference of opinion on the matter. The explanation of some things that break wudu are as follows: Six Things That Can Break Wudu. However, here are those that nullify it:Getting Alcohol. 2. #MuaulanaBelalAhmadHabibi #HBNETWORK_____🤔क्या गाली बकने से वजू टूट जाता है? Does. Ablution is nullified by urinating, defecating (Almighty Allah says, ". If the blood exited and flowed inside the nose to the soft part of the nose, then Wudu will be nullified. ” That’s the answer. Wudu does not need to be repeated before each and every prayer if one remains in a ritual state of purity from the previous prayer. 8 – Crying does not invalidate wudu; laughing does not invalidate it, either, except while performing prayers. On this basis, touching a woman, even with no barrier and even with desire, and kissing her or hugging her, does not invalidate wudu. This tells us that neither bleeding, nor blood is an issue in prayer. Answer: According to the Shafi school of Thought, if he touches his Mahram then wudu does not break, or if he touches a small girl, then it also won’t break. This is agreed upon. 19. According to the majority of Islamic scholars, sleep is considered a natural state, and it does not invalidate the state of ritual purity achieved through wudu. The Hanafi opinion is the choice of our website. The sign of this is that the exiting is usually accompanied by pain. Regular vaginal discharge has left many sisters confused as to whether a) it is najis (impure) therefore requiring her to wash off undergarments and legs b) it breaks one’s wudu. The discharge that does not nullify ritual ablutions (wudu) and is considered ritually clean (tahir) is the ‘chronic vaginal discharge’ (rutubat al-farj) that comes out normally and regularly, and is clear and not discolored. As long as the pus remains at the exit point of your skin, wudu is not broken and a wudu performed in this state is valid. Discharge from the inner private part. Mubasharat-i fahisha, that is, wudu' breaks when a wife and. On this basis, touching a woman, even with no barrier and even with desire, and kissing her or hugging her, does not invalidate wudu. One: if something comes out of two holes: the front hole (penis and vagina) and the back hole (anus). However, this is a controversial topic with varying opinions among scholars and individuals. Summary of answer. 3. So, if we follow the Hanafi school or the Maliki school, then petting a dog does not break wudu. 1- Ablution is invalidated for a man if he touches his penis, according to the view of the majority of the scholars. Three: if the skin of a man and a woman who is not a mahram touch without a barrier. Four: touching the human penis, vagina, or anus using the palms of the hands or the inside of the fingers. However, they do not break the wudū. ” (Narrated by al-Bukhari, 1894; Muslim 1151) “Let him not utter obscene speech” means let him not say any. The flowing of impurity from anywhere else other than the front. Ruling 315. If you cannot inhale water, wet your fingers and wipe the lower part of your nostrils. See link 1 and link 2. Can i follow this opinion that. ), except for wind emitted from a woman’s front passage – that does not break wudoo’. When you perform wudu, you must wash each body part 3 times. The second view is ascribed to Imam Abu Hanifah, who maintains that touching women, even with lustful thought, does not invalidate wudu’. In the Name of Allah, the Most Merciful and Compassionate. The discharge that does not nullify ritual ablutions (wudu) and is considered ritually clean (tahir) is the chronic vaginal discharge’ ( rutubat al-farj) that comes out normally and regularly, and is clear and not discolored. Sleep invalidates wudu. Vaginal discharges. When do taking drugs to break wudu? If, after consuming drugs, one can still talk clearly and can walk normally, then wudu is not broken. A thick layer of cream would be a barrier that could be scratched off. , do not break wudu, whether they are large or small in volume, because there is no evidence to prove that they break wudu, and the guiding principle is that wudu remains valid. Showering does not replace wudu. Allah does not desire to put on you any difficulty, but He wishes to purify you that you may be grateful. For example yesterday I was reading the quran a thought just came to mind and its not that i spent a minute thinking about it in less than 10 seconds I released very tiny drop of fluid which is equal to a millimetre. If you lose your Wudu when praying and you are certain because there is a sound or a smell, then you have to repeat your Wudu and your prayer, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “If any one of you breaks wind during prayer, let him stop and do Wudu, then repeat the prayer. ”. If one never saw it or felt it, one assumes that it never came out. Abbas ibn Tamim reported: My uncle asked the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, about a man who suspects that he passed wind during prayer. If a person engages in any of these activities, they will have to perform wudu again. If one "breaks wudu" then the ablutions need to be repeated before subsequent prayer. Answer According to Imam Abu Hanifah (RA), the flowing of blood will break the wudhu. We can find this explanation in the hadith below: مَنْ مَسَّ ذَكَرَهُ فَلْيَتَوَضَّأْ. I would only redo my wudu if it was major gas (like a significant pop). e. The dispensation only relates to the specific issue. [ibid] As for blood that comes out when blowing one’s nose: a) if from a flowing wound in the nose, it breaks wudu; b) if it flowed down into the nose, it breaks wudu; c) if one sneezes and a clot of blood comes out, wudu is not broken in order to break wudu. However, if you have wiped over your socks during Wudu, you cannot wipe over them again unless you have re-performed Wudu. It’s a simple inference. عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ كَانَ. If it is swallowed deliberately, then this breaks the fast, but if it is swallowed involuntarily , without meaning to, or if one cannot spit it out, then the fast is still valid. If smoking does, why not vaping. Whoever holds his penis, let him perform wudu. Answer: Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah, No, chronic vaginal discharge [which is clear or white] does not invalidate your ritual ablution (wudu) because it is legally akin to a form of sweating of the vagina walls. Then, when the time for the next prayer comes, make wudu as usual. 6. You were right to ignore them, and you should not second-guess yourself. e. And Allah knows best. “Whoever sleeps, let him perform wudu. , urination and defecation). Touching urine or any kind of Najas doesn't invalidate wudu. If you touch each other inbetween but want to recite from the Quran, or want to have wudu for other reasons, then take the Hanafi position for all other acts. Second, wudu. 3. Step 2: Wash Your Hands. Answer: Yes, if a drop of urine exits one’s body one’s ablution is nullified. Any impurity that comes out of the. These are: urinating, defecating and wind.